Issuance Dilution

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Tokens are issued by rule: a block subsidy to miners, proof-of-stake issuance to validators, or emissions paid to liquidity providers and users under an incentive program. Some designs offset this by destroying units, as Ethereum does through the EIP-1559 base-fee burn, so the figure that matters is net issuance, meaning gross issuance minus whatever is burned. Recipients are generally paying real costs, such as electricity, hardware, or the cost of capital locked for a period, so a predictable share of new units is sold rather than held. Dilution therefore describes a continuous transfer from passive holders to the parties operating or bootstrapping the system, and it can be adjusted by governance in many designs. This resembles share dilution in that each unit's ownership share falls, but there is no board authorization, no shareholder vote in most designs, and no cash proceeds paid into a corporate treasury; the units are an operating expense of the network paid in its own money.

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The emission schedule is in code and documentation and can be checked against realized issuance on-chain, and net issuance, burn rate, and the staking ratio are standard metrics. Compare issuance against fees actually paid by users to see how much of validator or provider income is subsidy rather than demand. Check whether emissions are fixed by protocol or adjustable by a governance vote, and whether any past vote changed them.

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Conditions to check are the net issuance rate after burns, whether emissions are fixed or governance-adjustable, what fraction of recipient income is subsidy rather than fees, and whether recipients face costs that compel selling.